However, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monotherapy using intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept for RAP requires repeated treatments. Intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) or aflibercept (Eylea, Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY, USA, and Bayer, Berlin, Germany) are now administered worldwide, as evidence-based therapy for exudative AMD.

Although the prevalence of RAP is low (i.e., 15% in Caucasian patients and 4.5% in Japanese patients ), the natural course of RAP is associated with poor visual outcomes in comparison to typical exudative AMD. RAP has three differentiated stages that are characterized by clinical and angiographic features, and it is now considered that type 3 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) distinguishes it from the Gass CNV type 1 and 2 anatomic classifications. , who first identified retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) in 2001, described the disease as a variant of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: Masaaki Saito received personal fees from Novartis (Tokyo, Japan), Bayer (Tokyo, Japan), HOYA (Tokyo, Japan), Santen (Osaka, Japan), Alcon (Tokyo, Japan), AMO (Tokyo, Japan), Senju (Osaka, Japan) outside the submitted work. Received: AugAccepted: NovemPublished: December 9, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Saito et al. PLoS ONE 15(12):Įditor: Yuhua Zhang, University of California Los Angeles, UNITED STATES Citation: Saito M, Itagaki K, Sekiryu T (2020) Fundus autofluorescence of retinal angiomatous proliferation.

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